Improving Operational Efficiency in Small-Scale Residential Service Delivery: A Critical Path Method and Time Cost Trade Off Analysis
Keywords:
Operational efficiency, service delivery, residential housing business, critical path method, time cost trade offAbstract
This study examines how schedule optimization can improve operational efficiency in small-scale residential service delivery. In project-based housing businesses, delayed completion and weak cost control often reduce delivery reliability and weaken business performance. This study applies the Critical Path Method and Time Cost Trade Off to a Type 36 housing project in North Sanggata, East Kalimantan, to identify critical activities, accelerate project completion, and evaluate cost consequences. The study uses a case study approach based on interviews, field observation, budget plans, activity sequences, and project scheduling documents. The analysis focuses on activity mapping, dependency structure, critical path identification, and comparison between normal and accelerated project duration. The findings show that the project duration can be reduced from 148 days to 99 days after applying structured scheduling analysis. Total project cost also declined from Rp179,975,421 to Rp165,461,221, producing savings of Rp14,514,200. These findings indicate that CPM and TCTO function not only as technical scheduling tools but also as operational decision tools that improve lead-time efficiency, service delivery reliability, and cost performance in small residential project businesses. The study contributes to the literature by repositioning project scheduling methods within an operational management perspective, especially for small contractors and housing developers that still rely on informal planning practices.
References
Arvianto, R., Handayani, F. S., & Setiono. (2017). Optimasi biaya dan waktu dengan metode time cost trade off (TCTO) (Studi kasus proyek bangunan rawat inap kelas III dan parkir RSUD Dr. Moewardi Surakarta). Matriks Teknik Sipil, 5(1), 69–74. https://doi.org/10.20961/mateksi.v5i1.36939
Asrul, M. R., Tindaon, M. C. A., Azzahra, D. N., Wulandari, R., & Ismayanti, R. (2025). Project scheduling for swallow nest construction using the critical path method. Enrichment: Journal of Management, 15(2), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.35335/enrichment.v15i2.2273
Bentley, L. D., & Whitten, J. L. (2007). Systems analysis and design for the global enterprise (7th ed., international ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Izzah, N. (2017). Analisis pertukaran waktu dan biaya menggunakan metode time cost trade off (TCTO) pada proyek pembangunan perumahan di PT. X. Rekayasa, 10(1), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.21107/rekayasa.v10i1.3604
Kerzner, H. (1987). In search of excellence in project management. Journal of Systems Management, 38(2), 30–39.
Khalifeh, A., Farrell, P., & Al-edenat, M. (2020). The impact of project sustainability management (PSM) on project success: A systematic literature review. Journal of Management Development, 39(4), 453–474. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-02-2019-0045
Mardiana, S., Irawan, D., Cakrawala, M., & Suraji, A. (2022). Percepatan waktu dan biaya bangunan gedung dengan menggunakan metode time cost trade off (TCTO). BOUWPLANK Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan, 2(2), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.31328/bouwplank.v2i2.238
Nakti, I. P. Y., Dharma S., B. W., & Dewi, B. R. S. (2024). Analisis waktu dan biaya menggunakan metode time cost trade off pada proyek rumah tinggal 2 lantai: Time and cost analysis using the method time cost trade off in 2 story residential house projects. Al-Aqlu: Jurnal Matematika, Teknik dan Sains, 2(2), 109–115. https://doi.org/10.59896/aqlu.v2i2.96
Priyo, M., & Paridi, M. R. A. (2018). Studi optimasi waktu dan biaya dengan metode time cost trade off pada proyek konstruksi pembangunan gedung olah raga (GOR). Semesta Teknika, 21(1), 72–84. https://doi.org/10.18196/st.211213
Priyo, M., & Sumanto, A. (2016). Analisis percepatan waktu dan biaya proyek konstruksi dengan penambahan jam kerja (lembur) menggunakan metode time cost trade off: Studi kasus proyek pembangunan prasarana pengendali banjir. Semesta Teknika, 19(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.18196/st.v19i1.2233
Project Management Institute. (2013). Managing change in organizations: A practice guide. Project Management Institute.
Rizal, A. (2017). Optimasi penjadwalan proyek konstruksi dengan menggunakan metode time-cost trade off (Studi kasus proyek pembangunan gedung kantor PT. Bank Sulteng Cabang Luwuk). Siimo Engineering: Jurnal Teknik Sipil, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.31934/siimo.v1i1.148
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Sarifah, Muhamad Rizki Asrul, Heldina Heldina Pristanti, Afifah Syotiroh, Erliana Mutiara Dewi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
